The Suez Crisis Key in the Decolonization of Africa

In 1922, Britain granted Egypt limited independence, ending its protectorate status and creating a sovereign state with Sultan Ahmad Fuad as king. In actuality, however, Egypt only achieved the same rights as British dominion states like Australia, Canada, and South Africa. Egyptian foreign affairs, the defense of Egypt against foreign aggressors, the protection of foreign interests in Egypt, the protection of minorities (ie Europeans, who formed only 10 percent of the population, albeit the wealthiest part), and the security of communications between the rest of the British Empire and Britain itself through the Suez Canal, were still under direct control of Britain. Although Egypt was ostensibly ruled by King Faud and his prime minister, the British high commissioner was a significant power. Britains intention was for Egypt to achieve independence through a carefully controlled, and potentially long-term, timetable. Decolonized Egypt suffered the same problems that later African states encountered. Its economic strength lay in its cotton crop, effectively a cash crop for the cotton mills of northern England. It was important to Britain that they maintained control over the production of raw cotton, and they stopped Egyptian nationalists from pushing the creation of a local textile industry and gaining economic independence. World War II Interrupts Nationalistic Developments World War II postponed further confrontation between British post-colonialists and Egyptian nationalists. Egypt represented a strategic interest for the Allies—it controlled the route through North Africa to the oil-rich regions of the middle east, and provided the all-important trade and communications route through the Suez Canal to the rest of Britains empire. Egypt became a base for Allied operations in North Africa. The Monarchists After World War II, however, the question of complete economic independence was important to all political groups in Egypt. There were three different approaches: the Saadist Institutional Party (SIP) which represented the liberal tradition of the monarchists was heavily discredited by their history of accommodation for foreign business interests and the support of an apparently decadent royal court. The Muslim Brotherhood Opposition to the liberals came from the Muslim Brotherhood who wished to create an Egyptian/Islamic state which would exclude Westernized interests. In 1948 they assassinated the SIP prime minister Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha as a reaction to demands that they disband. His replacement, Ibrahim Abd al-Hadi Pasha, sent thousands of Muslim Brotherhood members to detention camps, and the Brotherhoods leader Hassan el Banna, was assassinated. The Free Officers A third group emerged amongst young Egyptian army officers, recruited from the lower middle-classes in Egypt but educated in English and trained for the military by Britain. They rejected both the liberal tradition of privilege and inequality and the Muslim Brotherhood Islamic traditionalism for a nationalistic viewpoint of economic independence and prosperity. This would be achieved through the development of industry (especially textiles). For this, they needed a strong national power supply and looked to damming the Nile for hydroelectricity. Declaring a Republic On the 22nd-23rd of July 1952, a cabal of army officers, known as the free officers, led by Lieutenant Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrew King Faruk in a coup dà ©tat. Following a brief experiment with civilian rule, the revolution continued with the declaration of a republic on 18 June 1953, and Nasser becoming Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council. Funding the Aswan High Dam Nasser had grand plans—envisaging a pan-Arab revolution, led by Egypt, which would push the British out of the Middle East. Britain was particularly wary of Nassers plans. Increasing nationalism in Egypt also had France worried—they were facing similar moves by Islamic nationalists in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. The third country to be perturbed by increasing Arabic nationalism was Israel. Although they had won the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and were growing economically and militarily (primarily backed by arms sales from France), Nassers plans could only lead to more conflict. The United States of America, under President Eisenhower, was desperately trying to play down Arab-Israeli tensions. To see this dream come to fruition and for Egypt to become an industrial nation, Nasser needed to find funding for the Aswan High Dam project. Domestic funds were not available—during the previous decades, Egyptian businessmen had moved funds out of the country, fearing a program of nationalization for both crown property and what limited industry existed. Nasser, however, found a willing source of funds with the US. The US wanted to ensure stability in the Middle East, so they could concentrate on the growing threat of communism elsewhere. They agreed to give Egypt $56 million directly, and another $200 million through the world bank The US Reneges on the Aswan High Dam Funding Deal Unfortunately, Nasser was also making overtures (selling cotton, buying arms) to the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and communist China—and on July 19, 1956, the US canceled the funding deal citing Egypts ties to USSR. Unable to find alternative funding, Nasser looked to the one thorn in his side—the control of the Suez Canal by Britain and France. If the canal was under Egyptian authority it could rapidly create the funds needed for the Aswan High Dam project, conceivably in less than five years! Nasser Nationalizes the Suez Canal On July 26, 1956, Nasser announced plans to nationalize the Suez Canal, Britain responded by freezing Egyptian assets and then mobilizing its armed forces. Things escalated, with Egypt blocking the straits of Tiran, at the mouth of the Gulf of Aqaba, which was important to Israel. Britain, France, and Israel conspired to end Nassers domination of Arab politics and return the Suez Canal to European control. They thought that the US would back them—only three years before the CIA had backed a coup dà ©tat in Iran. However, Eisenhower was furious—he was facing re-election and didnt want to risk the Jewish vote at home by publicly castigating Israel for warmongering. Tripartite Invasion On 13 October the USSR vetoed an Anglo-French proposal to take control of the Suez Canal (Soviet ship-pilots were already assisting Egypt in running the canal). Israel had condemned the UNs failure to resolve the Suez Canal crisis and warned that they would have to take military action, and on October 29th, they invaded the Sinai peninsula. On November 5th British and French forces made an airborne landing at Port Said and Port Fuad and occupied the canal zone. International pressure mounted against the Tripartite powers, especially from both the US and Soviets. Eisenhower sponsored a UN resolution for a cease-fire on November 1st, and on 7 November the UN voted 65 to 1 that invading powers should quit Egyptian territory. The invasion officially ended on 29 November and all British and French troops were withdrawn by December 24th. Israel, however, refused to give up Gaza (it was put under UN administration on March 7, 1957). The Suez Crisis for Africa and the World The failure of the Tripartite Invasion and the actions of both the USA and USSR showed African nationalists throughout the continent that international power had moved from its colonial masters to the two new superpowers. Britain and France lost considerable face and influence. In Britain Anthony Edens government disintegrated and power passed to Harold Macmillan. Macmillan would be known as the decolonizer of the British Empire and would make his famous wind of change speech in 1960. Having seen Nasser take on and win against Britain and France, nationalists throughout Africa set to with greater determination in the struggle for independence. On the world stage, USSR took the opportunity of Eisenhowers preoccupation with the Suez Crisis to invade Budapest, further escalating the cold war. Europe, having seen the US side against Britain and France, was set on the path to the creation of the EEC. But whilst Africa gained in its struggle for independence from colonialism, it also lost. The US and USSR discovered that it was a great place to fight the Cold War—troops and funding started to pour in as they vied for special relationships with Africas future leaders, a new form of colonialism by the back door.

Cultural Diversity Is Important For The Success Of Our...

Cultural diversity must be embraced in all spheres of society. When society discriminates those who are different, either by race, ethnicity, religion, etc., then we start to see tension that can lead to major negative outcomes. Recognizing how to embrace cultural diversity in education is the start to a healthy society. According to Terry and Irving, â€Å"The term culturally diverse students will be used to refer to ‘students who may be distinguished [from the mainstream culture] by ethnicity, social class, and/or language’ (pg.110). Some examples of these refer to those students who are from racial/ethnic minority groups, students whose primary language is not English, and students who are from low-income or poor households (pg.110). According to Terry and Irving, â€Å"There is extensive evidence suggesting that students from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds experience poorer educational outcomes than their peers,† (pg.112). This is the reason why diversity education is crucial to the success of our students. According to statista, in 2014, 62.2% of the population living in the United States were white alone. That means that 37.8% of the population have different ethnicities such as Hispanic, African American, Asian, Two or more races, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. In 2060 predictions indicate that there will be 43.6% white alone and 56.4% other ethnicities (statista.com). Most of the population inShow MoreRelatedGraduation Speech : High School Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pagesvery distinct categories that students are a part of: â€Å"Hispanic† and â€Å"everyone else†. Over the past decade the school district has seen a dramatic increase in the number of Hispanic students that are being enrolled in our district. 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Children should be provided with essential information about who they are and what is important, making an effort for this to happen creates a setting that is rich in possibilitiesRead MorePromoting Cross Cultural Competence For Pre Service Teachers Through Multicultural Education Experiences Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesThrough the article â€Å"Fostering Cross Cultural Competence in Pre-service Teachers Through Multicultural Education Experiences†, author Dr. Jared Keengwe discusses the growing conflict of diversity in American classrooms. Dr. Keengwe argues that 21st century educators are not properly prepared to teach, or communicate effectively with stude nts of diverse backgrounds. In many examples provided throughout the article, Dr. Keengwe presents the negative attributes associated with such educators who lackRead MoreExplain Sociocultural Theory And Give An Example1122 Words   |  5 Pagescan alter ones thoughts and actions. The type of social interactions someone experiences can influence attitude, character, knowledge, feelings, and other attributes (Bucher). Social forces even alter the way we view and explain our personal successes. However, even though our life experiences can alter what we do, they do not alter who we are. Every choice we make is something that we ultimately can control (Bucher). In the book the author includes a personal example of sociocultural theory. He talksRead MoreTexas Schools and DIversity Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesIn 2007-2008, Texas schools had a large ethnic distribution of students. Specifically, African American students made up 14.3% of the overall student population; the Hispanic student population was 47.2%; and 34.8% of the student population was White. The smallest groups represented included Native American and Asian/Pacific Islanders with Native American students and teachers representing only 0.3% of students (Texas Education Agency, 2009). According to demographic projections, minority populationsRead MoreEducating Through A Multicultural Perspective Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pages Consequently, our educational system is the cornerstone for providing equal opportunity for all persons. Therefore, as the United States continues to be immersed with individuals from various cultures, the educational system must consistently seek t o assure that educational opportunities are equally distributed to our students. In order for this task to be accomplished, developing a well-defined illustration of what multicultural education is necessary. With the shifting cultural texture and demographicsRead MoreDiversity And Cultural Issues Of Tesol Education1545 Words   |  7 PagesEDUC600 I001 Fall 15 Final Reflection Journal: Diversity and Cultural Issues in TESOL Education During the course entitled Diversity and Cultural Issues in TESOL Education, issues of diversity and culture, as well as methods, strategies, and approaches for engaging English language learners were examined. Students all over the world learn English for a variety of reasons. Some students must study English as a requirement. Other students may wish to travel, study abroad, or work in the global marketplaceRead MoreEducating All Students : Creating Culturally Responsive Teachers, Classrooms, And Schools992 Words   |  4 Pagesway the students are treaty can affect their learning. It keeps narrating the story of a teacher that had to learn her students’ roots, their culture values, to get to know them in order to reach them in an academically level. The cultural values are very important and cannot be overlooked, they shape our intrinsic motivation. Many families try to keep their values and belief intact at home, so their children when they step in a classroom. Monica Brow n, is the Department editor of Diversity DispatchRead MoreCulture Is Central For Learning1500 Words   |  6 Pagesprocess of groups and individuals. Pedagogy recognizes, responds to, and praises the important cultures that are equitable access to education for students from all cultures. According to Gloria Ladson−Billings, It is an approach that empowers students intellectually, socially, emotionally, and politically by using cultural referents to impart knowledge, skills and attitudes.† Improving the school achievement of students of color who currently are not doing well in school requires comprehensive knowledge

Woody Allen †Annie Hall Free Essays

Changes Woody Allen’s Annie Hall is a film that depicts the life of a character named Alvy Singer, a comedian who always seems nervous, is full of self-loathing, doesn‘t have a positive perspective on life, had an unhappy childhood and has been divorced twice. He knows he has problems but can’t figure out how to solve them in a dignified way so uses sex as a substitute. By the end of the film however, he shows a significant change in his outlook on life, due mostly to his recent relationship with a woman named Annie Hall. We will write a custom essay sample on Woody Allen – Annie Hall or any similar topic only for you Order Now They end their relationship but Alvy learns from it, makes changes in his life, and uses it as a stepping stone into his future. The first moment where he shows change is when he compliments Annie after her first performance at a night club. She thinks she did horribly so he gives her reasons why she wasn’t as bad as she thought which cheers her up. This signifies Alvy turning a bad situation into a good one and shows confidence for the first time. Another moment where he shows change is his meeting with Annie in Los Angeles after they have broken up for good. He does things that he is usually reluctant to do: leaving New York City, driving a car, and eating at a health food restaurant. Although it doesn’t end like he hoped, he accepts that they aren’t going to be together any longer and doesn‘t complain, which is his usual response. In addition, he shows growth when he writes a play about his relationship with Annie, which shows their last meeting in L. A. but with an alternate ending with them together; proving that the relationship affected him enough to analyze and critique it. He views the relationship as a learning experience and uses the play to articulate his experience in a productive way, something he hasn’t done yet. Lastly, the ending of the film shows the most significant change from Alvy. He meets with Annie and seems genuinely happy to spend time with her and says he’s glad that he got to know her, contrary to his prior notion to have sex to solve his problems. Alvy’s first noticeable change occurs after Annie’s audition at the club. It’s her first time and she thinks that her performance was awful because the audience wasn’t paying attention and there were distractions such as microphone feedback, dropping glass, and a ringing phone. After her performance, they’re walking down the street and he cheers her up by telling her that the crowd was â€Å"a tad restless† and that she has a â€Å"wonderful voice† (42). He usually saw things in a negative light before this moment and this was the first time in the film where he turned a bad situation into a better one. This helped Annie continue her singing and she improved later because of Alvy and opened new doors for her, thanks to Alvy’s persuasion and change of view. He saw the possible relationship between them as something worthwhile and it ultimately led up to his transformation at the end of the movie. He makes her feel better–confident enough to brag, â€Å"Yeah, you know something? I never even took a lesson, either† (42). She accepts his support and Alvy realizes he would need to support her through rough times to keep the relationship rolling. And it meant that he would have to adjust his views and habits to keep her happy. They both changed a little in this scene with both of them being more positive toward bleak situations and Alvy bringing benefits out of this situation. After this, he convinces her to kiss him saying that it will â€Å"digest their food better† (43). Maybe he said this joke just to have sex with Annie (which he does in a few scenes) and wouldn’t be much of a change. But he wanted to be in a long term relationship because he told Annie that he wouldn’t let her quit singing. He foresaw that he could help her become a better person and maybe figure himself out along the way, reiterating that he was aware of his problems and wanted to change his ways. After they break up and Annie moves to Los Angeles, Alvy takes the initiative for the first time and flies to L. A. from New York City to try and convince her to marry him. He rents a car to see her and when he tells her this on the phone, she seems surprised causing Alvy to say â€Å"What-why is that such a miracle? † (97). He isn’t fond of California and despises driving so it’s obvious that he wants to be with Annie because he’s doing things he that he usually doesn’t and tries new things to get what he wants. Even Annie notices the change because she knows that Alvy doesn’t like driving. He fights to get back with Annie, a noteworthy change for a man who has been divorced twice and uses sex to relieve his problems. When Alvy arrives at a health food restaurant, he tells the waitress â€Å"I’m gonna . . . I’m gonna have the alfalfa sprouts and, uh, a plate of mashed yeast† (97). It’s a very dd combination, but his choice proves that he was willing to try new things to be with Annie. He figures that he has to make adjustments in his own life in order to better suit Annie’s way of life. But they immediately start bickering with Annie vehemently saying â€Å"Alvy, you’re incapable of enjoying life, you know that? I mean your li fe is New York City. You’re just this person. You’re like this island unto yourself† (98). Alvy then stutters on but doesn’t say anything coherent, her words hitting him like two tons of bricks, knowing that what she said was true. He knows that his problems are unlike other people’s. He knows that he has to change his negative perspective on life if he ever wants to be with Annie or get into any other meaningful relationship. He knows that no one knows him like Annie. So he accepts her criticism for the first time and takes her words into consideration. He realizes he would have to stop living â€Å"self-consciously in his own world of illusion† (Conard 109). The play Alvy is directing about his rendezvous with Annie in Los Angeles indicates that he used their relationship to his advantage and now understands himself better. He writes what really happens until he makes his character say â€Å"Okay, if that’s all that we’ve been through together means to you, I guess it’s better if we just said goodbye, once and for all! † (102). Although it may seem immature of him to change the ending to end on his own terms, it proves that he knew that he could’ve acted better instead of arguing with Annie the entire time. That moment was monumental in his transformation and is still working it out in his head. He also changed the last scene to end in his favor with Annie saying â€Å"Wait! I’m-I’m gonna . . go with you† and â€Å"I love you†(102). This shows growth in Alvy because he is expressing his heartbreak in a healthy manner instead of feeling sorry for himself. Also, changing the ending suggests that he knows he can control his life now that he has a better perspective on it. In reality though, she told Alvy that she didn’t love him so he ma kes her say it to envision how he would have liked it to end, on his own terms and with his own decisions. After this scene he looks at the audience and says â€Å" Tsch, whatta you want? It was my first play. You know, you know how you’re always tryin’ t’ get things to come out perfect in art because, uh, it’s real difficult in life† (102). He knows that he’s changed but still has some work to do in order to get the ending he wants. His life isn’t perfect and uses the play to figure himself out and is still using that relationship to become a better person. He’s now able to reflect on his mistakes and turn them around to work for him. The final part of Alvy’s transformation is shown when he runs into Annie in New York and they go out for lunch. After lunch, they â€Å"shake hands and kiss each other friendly like† (105). Their prior encounter ended in disarray and she wouldn’t have kissed him if she didn’t have a good time this time around. It can be interpreted that Alvy has changed for the better and Annie has noticed this change, causing the friendly kiss. He then exclaims â€Å"I realized what a terrific person she was and-and how much fun it was just knowing her† (105). She was the first woman that he came across that he actually appreciated rather than use for sex. He’s glad that he got to know her because she helped him change his perspective on relationships from lust and sex to just having a partner who can make him better himself. It’s clear that he views relationships differently when he tells his last joke, this guy goes to a psychiatrist and says ‘Doc, uh, my brother’s crazy. He thinks he’s a chicken. ’ And, uh, the doctor says, ‘Well, why don’t you turn him in? ’ And the guy says, ‘I would, but I need the eggs. ’ Well, I guess that’s pretty much how I feel about relationships. You know, they’re totally irrational and crazy and absurd and . . but, uh, I guess we keep goin’ through it because, uh, most of us need the eggs. (105) He realizes that we all go through the tribulations of relationships because of what lies at the end of the road. It may be positive or negative and in Alvy’s case, it turned out that it made him a better person. He now knows how to handle a relationship and knows that it’s not all about him. After dealing with his problems, he learns that the aftermath can benefit him. Annie Hall may be a romantic comedy, but we can use it to help ourselves. According to Michael Castrignano’s biography on Allen, he was divorced twice before the release of this movie, similar to Alvy. Alvy used to be a negative person who didn’t want to solve his problems but after a bad situation, turned his life around. He learned how to turn a negative into a positive, that he has to take the initiative, how to express himself instead of feeling sorry, and that relationships can’t be all about sex. Perhaps Allen used Alvy to help himself and we in turn can use Alvy as an example on how to deal with our problems. We may not necessarily have the same types of problems but we can make turn a negative into a positive. He reflected on the whole situation and used it to change his views on life. We all go through bad times but if we change our perspectives on certain things, we can usually benefit from it. Works Cited Castrignano, Michael. â€Å"Biography for Woody Allen. † IMDb. 2010. 25 March 2010 http://www. imdb. com/name/nm0000095/bio Conard, Mark T. , ed. , and Aeon J. Skoble, ed. Woody Allen and Philosophy: You Mean My Whole Fallacy is Wrong? Peru: Open Court, 2004. Four Films of Woody Allen. New York: Random House, 1982. How to cite Woody Allen – Annie Hall, Essay examples

Credit Availability and Asset Price †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Credit Availability and Asset Price. Answer: Introduction Great white whale of finance theory was one of the reasons behind creation of asset bubble. The reason should be known to all the individuals who involve in financial planning activities as well as overall economy (Sornette, 2017). In case, there is sudden crash in the asset price takes place that will leave behind growth in a dwindling state of years. An Asset bubble can be referring to a phenomenon where there is rise in prices of assets as compared to real prices (Taffler, Agarwal and Wang 2017). The reason behind the increase is because of price instability of assets and lead to sudden fall in the prices (the fall may be either down to its real price or even below in some cases). There are two perspectives explained below that will help in understanding the causes of an asset bubble. In this contemporary or modern world, role of central banks plays important role and carries equal attention in the financial environment. However, it is expected by the central banks that they should manage the economic growth as well as engage in preserving towards attainment of sustainable prosperity. This can be gained by either using or manipulating tools such as interest rates at its disposal (Selvakumar and Kirubakaran 2016). According to classical economists, their opinion is opposite regarding them as they treat them useless and reason behind it is abnormal market behavior. These classical economists believe that there is intervention by central banks of the country as well as interlinked monitory that becomes sole reason behind creation of asset bubble. In one of the Book titled as Early speculative bubbles and increases in the money supply, it was written by Douglas E. French about printing of currencies by the central banks. It was mentioned as this activity lowers the interest rate than its normal rates as well as motivates investors to undertake investments that were not possible otherwise. Lowering of interest rate creates asset bubble and this will have volatile implications. However, the sudden outburst of the bubble can lead to liquidation of the mal investments. In his book, he explained that careful study of the history depicts that government meddling with the financial as well as monetary affairs lead to economic booms and inevitable bursts (Nemoto 2017). Therefore, other mainstream economists kept blaming the phenomenon on the animal spirits of the market participants. The Keynesian perspective As per Keynesian perspective, it is believed that there is nothing wrong or odd when there are recessions or depression taking place in the market. In this theory, it states that these activities bound to happen as well as there is nothing that anyone can perform to control the situation or even stop it in that case. It further explains the point where role of central banks is to reduce the aftermath of the depressions as far as possible. As compared to other classical theories, the Keynesian perspective focus on the importance of central banks and the theory does not claim central banks to be reason for creation of asset bubble. Before creating any of the asset bubble, asset needs to pass through different stages. On careful study about the stages, it help shareholder to evaluate in which cycle the asset is presently located as well as their future prospect of the assets. It is even needed to find out whether the asset will be able to fulfill the requirement of the investor. Inception- Inception is the starting stage of creation of asset bubble at a certain point through the prices of the assets that may be treated unjustifiable at the end. The reason behind increased price is because of some of the valid points. For instance- the dot com bubble was created because of optimism of the people or in that case larger mass for bringing development in the technology that took place at that point of time. It can be treated logical now because of the number of person using internet was increasing on rapid basis. It was believed by the investors that technology sector will helps them to get high yield in the future and this is the reason behind creation of an asset bubble that started with that mindset of investment. Gaining momentum- The increased rate in the asset prices may be slow at the starting. After that, it is the investors who come in the scenario and there is increase in the rate of prices on substantial basis. However, increased asset process can be further accelerated by media coverage as well as professional comments at the same time (Albrecht et al. 2017). Euphoria- When the greed of the investors overcomes the caution, this is the time when asset bubble reaching this state (Euphoria). In this. The investors try to justify the cause behind increase price by knowing the fact that the assets fundamentals are strong as well as would be even stronger in the upcoming financial years. In the case study on Morocco Real Estate Bubble, it is properly mentioned about the situation at the time of booming period of the economy (Andonov, Eichholtz and Kok 2015). This is the time where real estate developers predict population growth as well as higher purchasing power of the citizen. Therefore, the investors have already believed in building up towns for population that can accommodate 3,00,000 residents. On the other hand, the population inhabiting the town comprises of 32,000 people. Profit making- On reaching specific level, all the prudent investors start engaging in liquidating their investment. It will be difficult to predict the process as well as time of profit booking by the investors. In this stage, the investors have the tendency to sell their investments as well as engage in booking their profits. This can be done by selling their assets at higher price (Ashfaq 2016). Panic In this stage, the sentiment of the investors gets reversed when there is substantial amount of profit booking taking place. The sentiment of the investors who were thinking of pushing the prices in the above situation now waits for taking U-turn. This is due to panic because of many failure cases of a bank (Bhala, Yeh and Bhala 2016). Revulsion- In this stage, investors shows no interest in purchasing any further stocks or reinvesting in them because of previous bad experience with it and that lead to drastic fall in the stock prices. However, prices of the asset do not increase again because of reduction in the stock prices as well as simultaneous non-participation of the investors for that point of time (Bredin, Conlon and Pot 2015). Comparison between Black, Black Thursday and the Japanese crash Black Monday is referred to a crash that took place in the stock market in and across the world on 19th of October 1987 and the day was Monday. Due to this crash, there was eradication of huge amount of shareholders value for very short span of time frame. The effect started in Hong Kong and slowly and gradually spread like a wild fire to all of Europe and then hit United States. The other markets were even affected by this crash that resulted in huge amount of value (Chen and Huang 2018). The crash had affected the markets in and across the world and it was quite immense by nature. The value of the markets of countries such as Hong Kong, United Kingdom, Australia, Spain and Canada fell down by 45.5%, 26.45%, 41.8%, 31% and 22.5% respectively. The crash had affected New Zealand the most as compared to other countries. The market value fell down by 60% from its peak value as recorded by it by the end of 1987. Therefore, it took several years for these countries to get normal economy and recovering from the change (Clark 2016). There are different economists who all states the reasons for the crash were due to overvaluation, program trading as well as illiquidity and market psychology. Most of the public were of the opinion that program trading as one of the sole reason behind this crash. The working of program trading executes large amount of stick that is traded based upon external inputs as and when received. However, the systems made usage of arbitrage as well as portfolio insurance strategies. Black Thursday is referred as one of the worst market crashes that were faced by United States on 24th of October 1929. The reason behind this crash was the effect it had in economy of United Sates for that duration. The country suffered from this crash for 12-year long Great Depression and would even included most of the other industrialized western countries (Dimmock, Gerken and Marietta-Westberg 2015). Both Black Thursday as well as The Great Depression together pulled off financial crisis that would be referred as the largest crash during 20th century. The crash even resulted in depression in Europe. The economists could not understand the intensity of the crash that took place in United States. Under the aftermath of the crash, the intense connectivity at that time was understood properly that took place within the countries. The real cause behind this worst crash in United States was due to involvement of manufacturing business as well as steel production business that had recorded historic profits at that point of time. The people thought that the stocks will never come down that lead to over speculation. Due to that, loan amount taken by the people for funding their investments was more than $8.5 billon and this was quite higher to that of total currency present in United States at that point of time (Dymski and Shabani 2017). Japanese crash in 1920s In the year 1927, there took place financial panic under the reign of emperor Hirohito of Japan. Due to this crisis, the Prime Minister (Wakatsuki Reijiro) had been brought down the government and after that Zaibatsu had taken over the banking industry in Japan. The real cause behind creation of an economic bubble resulted from an increased amount of investment on the part of public who look for benefits of increased production capability in the name of business. With this crisis, the country faced slow economic downturn and even Great Kanto Earthquakes in the year 1923 resulted in further worsening of the condition. By the year 1927, it is noted that the government involved in contemplating redeeming of bonds and there was rumor that the banks are engaging in holding these bonds (Fender et al. 2017). After studying about worst crashes that took place in the stock market, the common thing noticed was the belief of the investors on matters relating to the performance of specific sector. As far as Black Monday was concerned, the investors were of the opinion that prices of technology sector companies will never come down. The case was same during Black Thursday as well as Japanese crash. During these crashes also, the investors had believed that prices of steel producing company will never come done and they will deemed to perform well in the future. The investor believed that the market will have constant trend for longer period of time and this had resulted in downfall in the economy (Fu et al. 2018). Therefore, this was the direct result after creation of any economic bubble because of the demand asked by the investors in this market. Movements that can be taken to prevent another financial crisis in the future Avoiding using misleading mortgage products- It is advisable to avoid any misleading mortgage products. Some of the economies in this world still aim at providing mortgage products that have teaser rate (Monk, Sharma and Sinclair 2017). This means the mortgage products have more appealing introductory rate for initial 2 to 3 years and after that, the interest will suddenly shot up. This sudden change creates immense economic burden by the borrower that results in defaulting position at some point of time. Improving the capital ratios of the banks- It is advisable to make an attempt to improve the capital ratios of the banks. Before the crisis period, it was noted that because of the boom in the economy, the banks started providing ridiculous amount of loans and this lead to degrading capital ratios on regular basis. This activity by the banks had led to vulnerability at the time of credit crunch period (Kotsantonis, Pinney and Serafeim 2016). However, if banks are to keep capital with them, it would thereby assist them to face the situations such as abnormal exuberance on the part of people. However, the funds that are kept by the banks can be remitted back in case of difficult times. Putting cap on dividend and pay- It is advisable to put cap on the dividend and star paying after that. After studying about Great Depression, certain facts can be gathered hat states that during that period, the bank faced loss of more than $60 million and they had to even pay dividend to the tune of $60 million. In addition to that, banks that had their listing in Stock Exchange faced huge pressure in paying dividend as well as keeping their reserves lower. As far as banks are concerned, they should prefer using German Model to overcome the issue (Jackson 2018). Monetary policy- On analysis, it is found out that central bank plays major role and the role is immense. To that, it is seen that the interest rates are kept lower for given period of time and this was noted prior to any depression. The main emphasis put by the banks is to look after the inflation rates. However, the banks generally miss out aftermaths of the bursting of the economic bubble that is being created in the economy because of the steps undertaken for controlling inflation (Galbraith 2017). Ponzi is one of the pyramid structure schemes that basically functions on the rob Peter to pay Paul principle based on the definition stated by the US Financial regulator Securities Exchange Commission (Zhu et al. 2017). Under such scheme, the fraudster promises one investor that they will be getting huge returns on his money and then uses the money for paying back the dues of other investors. After the money comes in from any new investors, it is noted that the system collapses at that time. In this entire scheme, the loser is the person who is making the last transaction in investment with the fraudster because all the other investors are cleared by the returns and there is no funds left behind to pay newest entrant. Charles Ponzi was one of the fraudster and the scheme was named under his name. He had promised the investors of New Zealand to give a return of 40% on their investments as compared to the 5% current return that they were earning from their saving accounts. However, th e returns that were to be paid by this person was from the profits he would expect from the exchange rates difference in US dollars and any other currencies for the purpose of purchasing as well as selling international coupons at a profit (Wolinsky and Rubin 2014). This success of the scheme was noticeable where Charles Ponzi earned whopping of more than $420000 till May 1920 that can be converted as $5.13 million in 2017 currency. During the month of June, people started investing more than $2.5 million in this Ponzi scheme and by the month end; he was able to rank in millions of dollars per week as it were rising. Charles Ponzi had purchased international coupon to the tune of only $20 and this was noted after the collapse of entire system that was based on such small amount or rather it can be treated as zero amount investment done by him (Nash, Bouchard and Malm 2018). As far as rich families were concerned, they had huge funds to invest upon. However, they do not have enough knowledge about the same for investment related decision-making process. To be on the safer side, they believe in keeping huge funds under the custody of wealth managers as well as private banks and hedge funds. After that, these selected institutions approaches specialist funds managers who have been consistent in their performance. To that, the select consistent performer named is Madoff. This person was popular as he had guided people with funds for a fee. The problem started when he started paying the profits back to the clients first and then invest the money thereafter. After financial crisis hitting the economy, all the clients start coming to Madoff and ask him for money. The fraud was exposed because of the absence of money of such huge amount at that point of time. Reference List Albrecht, C., Morales, V., Baldwin, J.K. and Scott, S.D., 2017. Ezubao: a Chinese Ponzi scheme with a twist.Journal of Financial Crime,24(2), pp.256-259. Andonov, A., Eichholtz, P. and Kok, N., 2015. Intermediated investment management in private markets: Evidence from pension fund investments in real estate.Journal of Financial Markets,22, pp.73-103. Ashfaq, M., 2016. IMPACT OF GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISES ON GLOBAL FINANCIAL STABILITY AND NEED FOR AN ALTERNATIVE FINANCIAL SYSTEM.Business Excellence,10(2), p.109. Bhala, K.T., Yeh, W. and Bhala, R., 2016.International investment management: theory, ethics and practice. Routledge. Bredin, D., Conlon, T. and Pot, V., 2015. Does gold glitter in the long-run? Gold as a hedge and safe haven across time and investment horizon.International Review of Financial Analysis,41, pp.320-328. Chen, D.H. and Huang, H.L., 2018. Panic, slash, or crashDo black swans flap in stock markets?.Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,492, pp.1642-1663. Clark, G.L., 2016. The components of talent: Company size and financial centres in the European investment management industry.Regional Studies,50(1), pp.168-181. Dimmock, S.G., Gerken, W.C. and Marietta-Westberg, J., 2015. What determines the allocation of managerial ownership within firms? Evidence from investment management firms.Journal of Corporate Finance,30, pp.44-64. Dymski, G.A. and Shabani, M., 2017. On the geography of bubbles and financial crises.Handbook on the Geographies of Money and Finance, p.29. Fender, R., Adams, R., Barber, B. and Odean, T., 2017. Gender Diversity in Investment Management: New Research for Practitioners on How to Close the Gender Gap.Research Foundation Publications,2017(1), pp.37-38. Fu, P., Zhu, A., Ni, H., Zhao, X. and Li, X., 2018. Threshold behaviors of social dynamics and financial outcomes of Ponzi scheme diffusion in complex networks.Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,490, pp.632-642. Galbraith, J.K., 2017.Economics in perspective: A critical history. Princeton University Press. Jackson, K., 2018.Asian contagion: The causes and consequences of a financial crisis. Routledge. Kotsantonis, S., Pinney, C. and Serafeim, G., 2016. ESG integration in investment management: Myths and realities.Journal of Applied Corporate Finance,28(2), pp.10-16. Monk, A., Sharma, R. and Sinclair, D.L., 2017.Reframing finance: New models of long-term investment management. Stanford University Press. Nash, R., Bouchard, M. and Malm, A., 2018. Twisting trust: social networks, due diligence, and loss of capital in a Ponzi scheme.Crime, Law and Social Change,69(1), pp.67-89. Nemoto, H., 2017. Credit availability and asset price: Empirical analysis of the Japanese bubbles in 1980s.Journal of the Japanese and International Economies,44, pp.90-98. Selvakumar, D.S. and Kirubakaran, P.S., 2016. Global Major Stock Market Crashesincluding Causes and Their Effects of 2016 Chinese Stock Market Crash.International Journal of Business Administration and Management Research,2(1), pp.6-8. Sornette, D., 2017.Why stock markets crash: critical events in complex financial systems. Princeton University Press. Taffler, R.J., Agarwal, V. and Wang, C., 2017. Asset Pricing Bubbles and Investor Emotions: An Empirical Analysis of the 20142016 Chinese Stock Market Bubble. InBehavioural Finance Working Group Meeting, Queen Mary University London, June. Wolinsky, H. and Rubin, R., 2014. Kicking the can: science, Congress and a Ponzi scheme: Even if US Congress finally approved a tentative budget, scientists worry that the ongoing budget fights will damage US research in the longer term.EMBO reports,15(1), pp.21-24. Zhu, A., Fu, P., Zhang, Q. and Chen, Z., 2017. Ponzi scheme diffusion in complex networks.Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,479, pp.128-136.

Chromium Essays - Diabetes, Food Science, , Term Papers

Chromium It was known by the 1950s that chromium was needed in humans to control blood sugar, but it wasn't until the 1970s that chromium's main role in humans was found out. It came accidentally, as a result of a new procedure that had been introduced to nourish hospitalized patients who could not take in food by eating. This method of nourishment was designed to give patients all the things people need to maintain health until they could eat normally and get these nutrients from food. Some of the patients who had been fed intravenously for months developed a high blood sugar level just like diabetics (even though they weren't). Then the doctors had to start insulin therapy to treat this diabetes-like condition and even then the insulin didn't work right! People already knew that Chromium was needed to keep normal blood sugar levels, so when they added the Chromium to the food solutions, there was an immediate improvement! The people didn't need insulin injections, and their blood sugars and other problems went back to normal. After a while doctors everywhere figured out that Chromium was needed in humans and they didn't make the old mistakes anymore. Trivalent chromium works with insulin to move glucose into cells, we don't know how else it works but we think it has to do with the insulin binding to their receptor sites. Chromium and Diabetes Three of the 17 good studies showed that there wasn't any benefit of chromium with diabetics, 14 did show blood glucose improvements in the patients. The results were impressive: blood glucose, insulin levels, and cholesterol all decreased, with the higher dose (but not always). No one knows how tiny amounts of chromium could have such big effects on insulin's actions and no one knows why this is so but they believe that chromium strengthens some things that happen between insulin and the body. In other words, it doesn't work by making the body make more insulin, but instead chromium makes the insulin that is there work better in the peoples cells. For all the Health Nuts! An area of interest lately is the possible effect of chromium on body composition; or, how chromium affects the relative amounts of lean body mass (mainly muscle) compared to the amount of body fat. There have been positive results from studies with four separate animal species, pigs, lambs, rats and chickens. They were given chromium picolinate. In all of these species, there were increases in muscle mass and decreases in fat. And, in the case of pigs, the results have been confirmed by many other studies. Unfortunately, for humans, the evidence was not as clear until just recently. Earlier Studies were not even conducted properly so we could not go by their results. But later studies used a large group of about average people and conducted a controlled experiment. After a while there seemed to benefits to the control group and it showed to be a result of the extra Chromium intake! (I wish this was, totally the case because I myself am kind of a health nut) Humans Daily Intake of Chromium Info from U. S. government shows that most Americans get less chromium a day than the amount recommended by nutrition experts (the RDA Committee recommends 50-200 mcg of chromium/day; the vast majority of Americans get less than 50 mcg/day). Not many foods have a lot of chromium. The best foods are organ meats, mushrooms, wheat germ, broccoli and processed meats. It is thought that Stone Age people ate more chromium than modern people because they might have always eaten organ meats from the animals they hunted. And it is most likely that they lost less chromium in their pee than we do. This is probably because Stone Agers didn't eat nearly as much simple sugars as modern people and simple sugar intake causes chromium to be lost in the urine. Americans consume about 120 pounds of sugar per year from regular eating! Another interesting thing is that in large numbers of people in the U.S.-- chromium levels in our tissues lower over our lifetimes. In fact, the highest chromium levels are found in babies! Conclusion Chromium is an essential trace mineral for humans, as far as we know chromium deficiency might have direct effects on a societies obesity, diabetes, abnormal blood lipids, hypertension, and even coronary artery disease. Even though it is all controversial, many sources show that this information is correct. Other Uses - To harden steel, manufacture stainless steel, form alloys. - Used in plating to form

malcolm x essays

malcolm x essays Malcolm Xs experience without the white people as he was growing up brought him to what he believed of white people in his earlier years. He was able to overcome many traumatic experiences in order to keep on going with his beliefs. His message in his earlier years was somewhat harsh on the white population, but in his later years he was carrying a good message towards them. Malcolm X overcame many tough obstacles in his life to become one of Americas most influential black leader of his time. Malcolm X, or Malcolm Little as he was known in his childhood years, had a very traumatic childhood. Encarta states that since his father was a Baptist at a black church the Ku Klux Klan harassed his family often. This would have been very scary for a child of Malcolms age at the time. This is probably one of the reasons why he had a grudge against whites for the better part of his early years. After Malcolms family broke up he lived with many different foster homes until living with his sister in Boston (Schooling 2). As a kid it would be hard traveling all over the country living with different parents every few months. It takes a really emotionally strong person to put up with this type of change so often. His childhood was pretty rough and one of the ways he delt with it was to resort to Malcolm X got involved with all types of illegal activity with some really dangerous people. He was narcotics, gambling, and pimping. He picked up the name Detroit Red when he was involved with illegal activity in Detroit (Schooling 2). He had nowhere else to go or do but be involved with illegal businesses. He formed his own house robbing gang, and he was caught and sentenced to ten years in prison (Arnold and Gutierrez 15). This was in the long run probably the best thing that happened to Malcolms whole life. Going to prison not only stopped him from doing more ille...

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Report - Essay Example SWAT and Porter analysis demonstrates that the strategy of development adopted by the company for the next two decades is fully in line with the key strengths, opportunities, and competitive forces the Corporation is likely to face in the future. The Port of Brisbane Corporation is a Government Owned Corporation that manages and controls the operations of the third busiest container port in Australia. First small exports through Brisbane were made during the early years of European settlement, and only in the second half of the 19th century it emerged as the main commercial centre in Australia. During only 35 years from 1850 to 1885 net tonnage through Brisbane grew from 8,128 tons to 690,883 ton. In 1888 the Port started to trade frozen beef adding it to the dominant exports of coal and rural products (POB 2007). World War II became the next major milestone in the Port's development. Disruption of normal maintenance dredging activities made the main channel's depths unsuitable for further exploitation by 1949. Construction of Cairncross Dockyard to meet the demand for ship repair facilities was only the first step in the long series of developments in the Port. As a result, total tonnage through the port reached 2.6 million ton in 1961 (POB 2007). The 1960s were marked by two other developments that had essential impact on further operation of the Port. Firstly, the discovery of the Moonie oil fields led to construction of two large refineries at the mouth of the Brisbane River. Secondly, the growth of containerized exports led to a modification in cargo handling technology: the Brisbane's first container terminal was constructed in the Hamilton Reach of the river in 1969 (POB 2007). The Port of Brisbane Corporation was established as a statutory authority in 1976. In 1994 it was corporatized under the Government Owned Corporation (GOC) Act 1993, and on the 1st of July this year the Port of Brisbane Corporation changed from a statutory to a company GOC, listed with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission. Currently, the PBC is a publicly owned organization that operates on a commercial basis and in a competitive environment and manages Australia's fastest growing container port. The Corporation also leases and manages land for port-related purposes and maintains navigable access to the port for commercial shipping. Currently, the Port of Brisbane is the largest general cargo port in the region of Queensland. Annually, more than 2,600 ships exchange over 26 million tons of cargo over the Port's wharves. The exchange is expected to reach 50 million tons by 2025 (POB 2007). Factors of Success The progress made by the Port of Brisbane over less than a decade is impressive. Rapidly developing infrastructure of the Port provides effective transport networks, logistics options, and ensures convenient location of warehouses and other facilities. Currently, the Port's trade consists of a range of containerized, bulk and break-bulk cargoes: it leads the industry in beef and cotton exports holding approximately 50% of Australia's total market in this section (POB 2007). Financial

How did the protestant Reformation change the relationship between Essay

How did the protestant Reformation change the relationship between England and Spain - Essay Example As Franklin (19-21) points out, the problem of Protestantism was not easily solved anywhere. For instance, in England, it led to a bloody religious war that led to the execution of Queen Mary on the order of her half-sister, Queen Elizabeth. Spain, under King Philip, remained faithful to the catholic faith and as a result, it supported the side of England that was supporting catholic faith. After the defeat of the catholic side by the execution of Queen Mary, political tension between Spain and England started to build and within no time, the two nations were on each other’s throat. In early 17th century for instance, King Philip of Spain sent an army of professional military men to go and fight for the side of England that was supporting catholic faith. This was however retaliation to the action of England fighting non Protestants in Netherlands, which at the time was a colony of Spain. These religious wars continued for decades before ever reaching an amicable diplomatic sol ution. According to William (205), it was not just political relations between these two countries that were severed, since trade was also very much severed between the two nations. At that time, there was almost no private sector and any private businesses that traded internationally. They were only trading locally, and governments were very much involved in international businesses and there were times when people would entirely depend on the government to import essential things such as food and clothing. In realization of this, King Henry of England tried to build a good relationship with Spain, in order to improve the trade between Spain and England. This was achieved by the use of marriages between the sons of King Henry and a Spanish princess (Brans et al. 452). However, when one of the sons decided to divorce his wife, this created problems because the church (catholic) opposed

Measuresure of Organizational Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Measuresure of Organizational Performance - Essay Example It is thus imperative that measures of organizational performance are incorporate into the hospital’s objectives to meet this anticipated increase in patients. Therefore, it is important that quality and effectiveness measures be taken into consideration. Ensuring that quality and effectiveness in service delivery is not compromised, will aid in making future projections of the number of inpatient and outpatient expected. This will help in strategic planning to determine the number of service facilities needed to accommodate patients and future anticipated profits. This measures will also aid predict demand and hence level of marketing e.g. advertising required. Therefore, using quality and effectiveness as measures of performance, the management can be able to determine number of staff required. For instance, the physicians working at Twin Rivers Community Hospital will have to be employed full time to attend to patients at the hospital. Either these measures will help management determine level of patient satisfaction and the level of competition from St Francis, which is major rival offering similar services with high performance percentages e.g. in cardiovascular

Impact of Natural Disasters on the Economy of Pakistan

Impact of Natural Disasters on the Economy of Pakistan Natural disasters are an increasingly phenomena that we all evidently observe and identify that may have a direct bang on the interests of an area where it hits and also on explicit domestic meters in such areas. Depending of where we live, hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, droughts, etc, are intimidation to living, belongings, industrious assets, and also can have an impact on societal pointers. The increasing occurrence of natural disasters is extremely interrelated to the increasing susceptibility of homes and communities in emergent nations, as earlier socioeconomic vulnerabilities may aggravate the shock of a natural disaster, making harder the course of revitalization (Vatsa and Krimgold, 2000). Therefore, the impact of such events could consequence in an instant raise in poverty and deficiency (Carter et al, 2007). The literature has been still conflicting to a few amounts. For example Benson and Clay (2003) have discussed that the long-standing shock on development of natural disasters is depressing, at the same time as Skidmore and Toya (2002) explain that such tragedy may upbeat impact development in the long run as there is a decrease to returns on physical assets but a boost in human capital, leading to advanced development. Strobl (2008) for the US coastal areas discover that tornados reduce countys development originally by 0.8 per cent, whereas getting your str ength back after in 0.2 per cent. This writer also figures out for Central America and the Caribbean that the impact from a critical cyclone is a diminution of 0.8 percent of development (Strobl, 2008a). The impact of a natural disaster may also origin discriminations. The poor, who undergo from profits rise and fall, and also have imperfect access to monetary services, in the consequences of a disaster may be extra flat to lessen use and have a declining upset in other domestic indicators as a result. Additionally, there are a many non poor, or close to be, who are not insured in opposition to such threats, and then may plunge into scarcity as result of recapitalizing when dealing with with the upset, depending the shock and probability of diminishing into scarcity of the original stock assets and coping means. Furthermore, susceptibility to natural disasters is a multifaceted issue, as it is strong-minded by the financial structure, the phase of growth, prevailing of communal and fiscal conditions, coping means, risk evaluation, rate of recurrence and concentration of catastrophes, etc. The impact on deprived ones could be losing contact with a few vital services, reversals in accretion of corporeal and human funds, and possibly an augment in child employment and unlawful behavior. Lindell and Prater (2003) summarize the significance of shaping the impact and the pretentious agents in natural disasters. First, that information is helpful for policy makers, as they can be acquainted with the need for peripheral support and which may be more efficient; second, definite sections of affected can be acknowledged, e.g. how low income families are affected; and third, it may be also practical for setting up assistance for natural disasters and the latent results. Overall, growing literature has emerged over the last few years on the macroeconomic and development impacts of natural disasters. Amusingly, there is as up till now no harmony on whether disasters are significant from a macroeconomic point of view, and two situations can be identified. The first believes natural disasters a hinder for economic development and is well symbolized by the following reference: It has been argued that although individuals are risk-averse, governments should take a risk-neutral stance. The reality of developing countries suggests otherwise. Government decisions should be based on the opportunity costs to society of the resources invested in the project and on the loss of economic assets, functions and products. In view of the responsibility vested in the public sector for the administration of scarce resources, and considering issues such as fiscal debt, trade balances, income distribution, and a wide range of other economic and social, and political concerns, governments should not act risk neutral (OAS, 1991). The other position sees disasters as entailing little growth implications and consider disasters and their reduction a problem of, but not for development (e.g. Albala-Bertrand, 1993, 2006; Caselli and Malhotra, 2004). These authors find natural disasters do not negatively affect GDP and if anything, GDP growth is improved (Albala-Bertrand, 1993: 207). This paper can be understood as an attempt at reconciling this body of literature. There are two entry points for the analysis. The first is to look at counterfactual vs. observed GDP, the second entry point is to assess disaster impacts as a function of hazard, exposure of assets (human, produced, intangible), and, importantly vulnerability. Overall, the evidence reveals adverse macroeconomic consequences of disasters on GDP. In a medium-term analysis, natural disasters on average seem to lead to negative effects on GDP. The negative effects may be small, yet they can become more pronounced depending on the size of the shock. We tested a large number of vulnerability predictors and found that higher aid rates as well as higher remittances lessen the adverse macroeconomic consequences, while capital stock loss is the most important predictor for the negative consequences. In July-August 2010, Pakistan experienced the worst floods in its history The floods have affected 84 districts out of a total 121 districts in Pakistan, and more than 20 million people one-tenth of Pakistans population More than 1,700 men, women and children have lost their lives, and at least 1.8 million homes have been damaged or destroyed (UN 2010, p.1). In attacking poverty in developing countries, due considerations need to be paid to the vulnerability of households against natural disasters. Poor households are likely to suffer not only from low income and consumption on average but also from fluctuations of their welfare once such disasters occur. These households are vulnerable to a decline in their welfare level because they have limited ability to cope with shocks and also they are subject to substantial shocks, such as weather variability (Dercon, 2005; Fafchamps, 2003). This concern has led to an emerging literature on vulnerability measures in development economics (Ligon and Schechter, 2003; 2004; Kamanou and Morduch, 2005; Calvo and Dercon, 2005; Kurosaki 2006a). We broadly think people as vulnerable when (i) they cannot mitigate income volatility and (ii) their consumption expenditure is volatile over time (they lack reliable coping mechanisms). Vulnerability is thus a forward-looking concept. As an example of low-income countries subject to substantial vulnerability, this paper examines the case of Pakistan. Pakistan is located in South Asia, where more than 500million people or about 40% were estimated to live below the poverty line at the turn of the century (World Bank, 2001). Economic development in South Asia has been characterized by a moderate success in economic growth with a substantial failure in human development such as basic health, education and gender equality (Dr`eze and Sen, 1995). This characteristic is most apparent in Pakistan (World Bank, 2002). Although the overall economic growth rates were improved during the 2000s, poverty reduction was slower than expected. Using a two period panel dataset spanning three years from the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), one of the four provinces comprising Pakistan, Kurosaki (2006a) and Kurosaki (2006b) show that rural households were indeed vulnerable to substantial welfare fluctuations. Using a three-year pan el dataset from Pakistans Punjab, Kurosaki (1998) shows that farmers consumption was excessively sensitive to idiosyncratic shocks to their non-farm income. Similar findings have been accumulated for rural India as well (Townsend, 1994; Kurosaki 2001). The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews the literature on the macroeconomic impacts of disasters and locates the proposed analysis within the disaster risk management paradigm. In section 3, we present the data and methodology used for projecting the economic impacts for a medium term horizon (up to 5 years after an event), as well as the regression analysis used for identifying predictor variables explaining potential impacts. Section 4 ends with a discussion of possible implications of our analysis. Literature Review The literature on impacts of natural disasters and economic effects is still inadequate and can be separated generally into three different categories. One part of the literature has focused on how several factors intensify susceptibility to natural events. They have maintained a natural vulnerability framework in view of climate change, deforestation and geophysical factors (McGuire, Mason and Kilburn, 2002), other than rising urbanization which brings ecological risks and exposure to threats from deficiency of sufficient urban development and dual political discourse (Pelling, 2003 and 2003a), or even environmental immediacy to exposure, access to property and public conveniences as well as political and social networks (Bosher, 2007). All these parts become a thread to population, their assets and possessions and their dynamic competence, becoming then an expected risk. And when such danger is realized, then it turns out to be a natural adversity (see McGuire, Mason and Kilburn, 2002). Although this thread of the literature distinguishes that such risk factors influence the impact of the natural tragedy, they just briefly point out essentially the number of losses, or some irregular overheads. A second thread of the literature spotlights on the impact of natural disasters on macroeconomic pointers. Auffret (2003) examined the impact of natural catastrophe on Latin America and the Caribbean, and figured out the impact very considerable, particularly for the Caribbean, where the explosive nature of expenditure is higher than in other parts of the world, where insufficient risk-management instruments have been available in the region. This part of the literature has been still conflicting to some extent. For example Benson and Clay (2003) have also explained that the lasting impact of natural events on economic development of any country is negative, while Skidmore and Toya (2002) reveal that such tragedies may also have a constructive impact in the future growth, resulting from a decrease to returns to physical assets but an enlargement in human capital. Strobl (2008) discovers for the US coastal counties that cyclones cut districts intensification at first by 0.8 per cent, at the same time as recuperating after in 0.2 per cent. This writer also figures out for Central America and the Caribbean that the impact from a unhelpful storm is a decline of 0.8 percent of fiscal increase (Strobl, 2008a). When investigating what extra features cut or amplify the impact of such natural tragedies on macro pointers, Kahn (2005) and Toya and Skidmore (2007) explain that organizations, top education and trade openness, in addition to well-built economic segment and smaller governments are significant aspects in shaping the impact that natural events have on growth at global level. The third tributary of the literature takes care of the impact and coping means for such tragic events generally at the domestic and township levels. At this point, natural adversities are upsets that family units have to face as they are unpleasant proceedings leading to a decline in earnings or utilization, and in addition a loss in industrious property. Alderman et al (2006) by means of data for family units in Zimbabwe spotlighted on height growth of kids as result of a deficiency and civil war in Zimbabwe, result that kids influenced by such upsets have less schooling and could have been tall; if not. Dercon (2004) focused on development in utilization amongst family units in chosen villages in Ethiopia, and did not discover that upsets have an effect in the diminution of assets. Carter et al (2007) examined the impact of droughts in Ethiopia and of cyclone Mitch in Honduras on development of belongings at the village level. For Ethiopia they uncover a model of assets leveling between low income family units, i.e. such families keep hold of their assets even they are little in phases where profits and usage drops off, for instance the big deficiency aroused. They discover for Honduran families that comparatively well-off families recovered earlier from the upset than short income households, and that a poverty corner is put below a specified point of income. Baez and Santos (2007) also examined the sound effects of Mitch on households pointers, discovering no outcome on school admissions of kids, but a noteworthy add to their labor contribution. Others have investigated how some coping methods inside families have an effect on revival from a shock resulting from such an adversity. De Janvry et al (2006) explains that uncertain cash transfer accessibility before a disaster provide as a shelter for those who are affected, while those dependent and helpless people utilize as coping method an add to child labor, and savings in food and school expenses. Alpizar (2007) also discovers that access to proper economic services takes the edge off pessimistic outcomes from natural disaster upsets for farmers in El Salvador, as it leads to further proficient production. On the other hand, a less urbanized region is the impact at local level. Yamano et al (2007) explain about industries and production. These writers makes use of region-wise data for employment and production, guessing that financial fatalities are not in proportion to the sharing of manufacturing activities and people attention, signifying that strategies to improve losses should be measured from a top order. Burrus et al (2002) also examined how low intensity typhoons can shock local financial systems from side to side interruption of actions. They exercise statistics from the local Chambers of Commerce surveys and as a result of their regularity the bang could be a decrease between 0.8 and 1.23 per cent of yearly production and up to 1.6 per cent of local employment. Though, there is a slit in the study of how local communal indicators are exaggerated by natural events. This is significant to bring to the front as the effects give the impression of being stretch around all unlike points, macro, micro and local, and how strategies to deal with those upsets can be premeditated in a good way. Whereas families emerge as the natural component of investigation for researching the consequences of natural disasters, it can also seem right to balance the study up as families react to risks are frequently influenced by the broader strategy framework. Certainly, households have substantial and insubstantial assets at their clearance, and their capability to preserve or gather together such assets in such situations will be produced by the arrangements and procedures for instance governance and institutional planning, broader strategies and open circumstances at metropolitan and district level. Additionally, the experience of family units to danger loss can and has been conventionally balanced up to top levels of aggregation (UNDP, 2008). It is the number of citizens situated in definite parts joint with the individual, material and ecological conditions of families and the regions where they live that forms their communal potential to deal with a natural disaster. For that reason, we refer to the community level of study while thinking of the inferences that dangers can have. Governments have a tendency to go on board in various approaches to deal with natural happenings. In the past, they have usually reacted through disaster relief, but more lately there has been a propensity to highlight cash transfers as well. Even if both methods are adopted extra efficiency could be consummate by adopting danger diminution and improvement means that deal with the structural aspects which make families more uncovered to natural risks. Having system in position previous to the awareness of dangers is primary. At the macro level, premature warning systems and the public disaster-preparedness agenda look as if mostly significant, so as sufficient economic assets to promote revival, over and above tax inducements for households or public to take on mitigation procedures. Another type of protecting the value of material goods at the macro level could be through financial diversification. Increasing primary, secondary and tertiary sector activities along with spatial activities in the economy, can offer an open pool to multiply the risk of anguish danger losses, and extra prospects to amplify and steady profits. Equally, the concentration of financial and sector-wise activities would be reliable with condensed capability of families to administer and react to natural disasters. Still, there is a set of insubstantial facts which might improve the family hard work to get through the outcome of natural vulnerability on them, just as adverse socio-economic opportunities. The political economy and organizational aspects of the situation where assets are positioned together with the system of belief, norm and ideas set in the activities of communities members might bear out elementary while utilizing and mobilizing assets for confronting disasters. If possible, one should be capable to clarify how civilization and supremacy provision come into play when they act together with the broader surroundings of risks, assets and wellbeing results. However, most of these features will be tough to get into work empirically for the period of our technical study. Flourishing coping against natural disasters is difficult to achieve in a situation of small efficiency, staled financial development, not having access to industrious possessions, deficiency of economic reserves and safety nets in place, and broad difference crossways geographic, financial, or tribal lines. Lack of health conveniences, remoteness and low rate of education may also complex these susceptibility. Consequently, the covariate life of various natural hazards and the policy-tempted macro circumstances upsetting the rate and likelihood of effectively coping with them might reflect unreliable welfare shocks across region and sub-region levels. At last, societies can make worse these natural, site and practice-specific aspects through not making any investment in substantial and communal infrastructure at the household and district level (roads and bridges). In case of rural areas, these deficiencies can be multifaceted by a high frequency of hazards because of being covered hazard-prone areas, extending the vulnerability of families to experience any losses. Although the impact a natural disaster is an outside factor, susceptibility of causes, making the shock of the event high or low, is not. Susceptibility to natural hazards is a composite subject, as it is determined by the monetary model, the phase of growth, current social and fiscal situation, coping means, risk evaluation, rate of recurrence and greatness of hazards, etc. Lindell and Prater (2003) summarize the significance of shaping the impact and the influenced agents in natural hazards. First, that information is helpful for policy makers, as they can recognize the need for outside support and which may be extra effectual. Second, exact sections of affected can be recognized, e.g. how short income families are influenced, uniqueness of regions etc; and third, it may be also helpful for setting up backing for natural hazards and the possible penalty. They also summarize how the impact of natural hazards should consider other means. One of the main questions concerning the impact of natural hazards on families or towns is how accidental they may be. Donner (2007) examined the effects of hurricanes in the US and figured out that the effects are not accidental, because some aspects such as ecological, society, demographic, and scientific, have an occurrence on the impact of such events. On the whole the flow of impact of natural hazards can be sketched as in Figure 1. figure1.PNG Figure 1. Model of Disaster Impact Other aspect is how establishment have defined practices concerning natural events and how they systematize help in the outcome can also be determinant of the crash. Such as, Peacok and Girard (1997) explain how the revitalization process after tornado in Florida was determined more by governmental obstructions rather than lack of resources. Limited Literature is available which studies the quantitative relationship between the economy and the natural disasters. Zarrar et al (2009) studied the impact of natural disasters on the Irans Gross domestic product. They adopted a auto regressive distributed Lag model in order to study the impact. The findings showed that natural disasters have negative impact on the GDP per capita and on Per captia investment. The result of the model test was that investment had a positive impact on the economy while negative impact on GDP from the damages from the loss of Physical capital. Macro economic variables determine the impact of these natural disasters on the long run economic growth. Aaron (2007) found that financial crises caused by these disasters hurt the long run growth through inflation. This inflation is the result of increased debt burden. Other reason for this inflation could be that central bank print excess notes to pay the external and internal debt. Also the tax collection is also affected which hurdles the government efforts in compensating the losses. However the loss in revenue is compensated by the help of the Loans and aid given by the international institutions. They include the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and the European Union. These loans and aid influence the economic growth in the short as well as the in the long run. Pelling (2002) in his work identified that the most important macroeconomic impact of natural disaster can be studied by examining the inflation trends in the economy. More over the public expenditures by the government and the aid flowing as foreign direct investment influences the GDP growth rate. The used a comparative analysis technique of comparing different case studies to determine the macro-economic effects. These effects are measured by plotting the trends in GDP against macro economic factors i.e Inflation ,FDI and Loans. The literature review discusses the direct and indirect impact of economic variables on the economy. However in this research work only the impact of macro economic variables is studied. From the support of Literature review the macro economic variables which can be used to measure the quantitative impact of natural disasters on the GDP growth of Pakistan are Inflation, Internal and external debts, Foreign Aid and foreign direct investment flowing in the country. In next section of research we will take into account the above macroeconomic variables with the purpose of concluding the impact of natural disasters on the economy of Pakistan. Methodology Research Type In order to identify the macroeconomic effects of disasters, we suggest comparing a counterfactual situation ex-post to the observed state of the system ex-post. This involves assessing the potential trajectory (projected unaffected economy without disaster) versus the observed state of the economy. This contrasts with observing economic performance post-event and actual performance pre-event, as usually done in similar analysis. Our analysis requires projecting economic development into a future without an event. In short, the type of research would be purely Quantitative. Sources of Data Our two main sources of Data are: The open-source EMDAT disaster database (CRED, 2008) maintained by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters at the Università © Catholique de Louvain. The proprietary Munich Re NatCat Service database. Data type and Research Periods Our sample consists of all major natural disaster events during 1950-2010. The sample is based on information from two databases and was compiled by Okuyama (2009) with the threshold for a large event defined arbitrarily to a loss exceeding 1 percent of GDP.One database is the open-source EMDAT disaster database (CRED, 2008) maintained by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters at the Università © Catholique de Louvain. Primary data are compiled for various purposes, such as informing relief and reconstruction requirements internationally or nationally, and data are generally collected from various sources and, including UN agencies, non-governmental organizations, insurance companies, research institutes and press agencies. The other database is the proprietary Munich Re NatCat Service database, which mainly serves to inform insurance and reinsurance pricing. We focus on the monetary losses. In both datasets, loss data follow no uniform definition and are collected for different purposes such as assessing donor needs for relief and reconstruction, assessing potential impacts on economic aggregates and defining insurance losses. We distinguish between sudden and slow onset events. Key sudden-onset events are extreme geotectonic events (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, slow mass movements) and extreme weather events such as tropical cyclones, floods and winter storms. Slow-onset natural disasters are either of a periodically recurrent or permanent nature; these are droughts and desertification. We broadly associate the loss data with asset losses, i.e. damages to produced capital. This is a simplification, as indirect impacts, such as business interruption, may also be factored into the data. Yet, generally, at least for the sudden onset events, analysts generally equate the data with asset losses, and an indication that this assumption can be maintained is the fact that loss data are usually relatively quickly available after a catastrophe, which indicates that flow impacts emanating over months to years are usually not considered. Losses are compared to estimates of capital stock from Sanderson and Striessnig (2009), which estimated stocks using the perpetual inventory method based on Penn World table information on investments starting in 1900 and assuming annual growth and depreciation of 4 percent. Theoretical Framework and variables under consideration Theoretical Framework to be used in this essay to explain Economical Impacts on Pakistan due to Natural Disasters. Economical Impacts GDP Exposure Socioeconomic Susceptibility Direct Risks Produced Resources Environment Resources Human Resources Type of Hazard Physical Susceptibility Risk Management The literature on the monetary impacts explained can be associated with framework above. Independent Variables: Independent Determinants of such impacts and dangers can be renowned as: Hazard Variable: This variable is related to the type of Natural disaster/Hazard that jolts any part of Pakistan. Exposure: This variable deals with the geographical area and spatial scale of impact from the particular disaster. Economical Structure: This variable deals with the overall structure of the economy in the country and in particular region affected by the disaster (if needed). Development: This determinant deals with risks that might directly or indirectly affect the stage of the development of the country. Socioeconomic Environment: It is related to the current socioeconomic conditions in the country. Risk Management: This takes care of the availability of formal and informal mechanisms to share risks in a particular part of the country. The last four variables are related to economic susceptibility. Research Hypothesis H0: Natural Disasters do not have any significant negative follow-on effects on the economy of Pakistan. H1: Natural Disasters do have significant negative follow-on effects on the economy of Pakistan. Techniques We use autoregressive integrated moving average models, also called ARIMA (p,d,q) (Box and Jenkins, 1976) for forecasting GDP into the future after the disaster event. ARIMA modeling approaches are chosen because they are sufficiently general to handle virtually all empirically observed patterns and often used for GDP forecasting (see for example Abeysinghe and Rajaguru, 2004). While such a type of modeling may be criticized for its black box approach (Makridakis and Wheelwright, 1989), it here serves well due to the large number of projections to be made and the difficulty identifying suitable economic model approaches. The ARIMA process Recall, an autoregressive process of order AR (p) can be defined as x t = à Ã¢â‚¬  1x tà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 + à Ã¢â‚¬  2x tà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2 ++ à Ã¢â‚¬  px tà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢p + ÃŽÂ µt A moving-average process of order MA (q) may be written as xt =ÃŽÂ µ t +ÃŽÂ ¸1ÃŽÂ µ tà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 +ÃŽÂ ¸ 2ÃŽÂ µ tà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2 +à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦+ÃŽÂ ¸ qÃŽÂ µ tà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢q and an ARMA(p,q) process, with p autoregressive and q moving average terms can be defined to be xt =à Ã¢â‚¬  1xtà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 ++à Ã¢â‚¬   p xtà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ p +ÃŽÂ µ t +ÃŽÂ ¸1ÃŽÂ µ tà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 ++ÃŽÂ ¸ qÃŽÂ µ tà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢q Where à Ã¢â‚¬   and ÃŽÂ ¸ are parameters to be estimated and ÃŽÂ µ are white noise stochastic error terms. Now, let yt be a non-stationary series and define the first order regular difference of yt as Άyt = yt à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ytà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 or more generally using a back-shift operator denoted as Bk zt = ztà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢k yt B d yt Άd = (1à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ) An ARIMA (p,d,q) model can then be expressed as yt q B t B B d à Ã¢â‚¬   p ( )(1à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ) =ÃŽÂ ¸ ( )ÃŽÂ µ with B p à Ã¢â‚¬   p (B) = 1à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  1B à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬   p and Bq ÃŽÂ ¸ q (B) = 1à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸1B à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ q Data Analysis The Box-Jenkins methodology (Box and Jenkins, 1976) is applied for determining the components of the ARIMA process; i.e. we test different ARIMA(p,d,q) models with p and q to be smaller or equal 4 (due to the limited amount of data) and estimate à Ã¢â‚¬   and ÃŽÂ ¸ using Maximum likelihood techniques and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) as well as diagnostic checks to detect a suitable model. The data requirements were set thus that at least 5 observed data points are needed for projections into the future. This is the smallest number of observations which are needed to estimate ARIMA (4,1,4) models (however, the majority of the sample (greater 90 percent) has at least 10 data points). Furthermore, all models are tested to be stationary (usually d=1 suffices to assure a stationary process) and all series are demeaned. To include uncertainty in the projections, also 95 percent confidence forecasts were calculated and analyzed. Forecasts into the future are performed with the selected models and then compared to the observed variables. Increases or decreases of GDP in future years are measured as a percentage increase or decrease to baseline GDP (i.e., baseline =100) which is defined to be GDP a year before the disaster event. Furthermore, the differences between observed values and projected ones are calculated and called Diff(t), which indicates the percentage difference between the observed and projected value of GDP in year t. We focus on projections with a medium term perspective (up to 5 years into the future). This limitation is due to important data constraints for the ARIMA models within

An Inspector Calls - Priestleys Presentation of the Inspector Essay

An Inspector Calls - How does Priestley's presentation of the Inspector create dramatic tension in the play? 'An Inspector Calls' Question Title: How does Priestley's presentation of the Inspector create dramatic tension in the play? During the play 'An Inspector Calls' the Inspector is used as a dramatic device. He raises and decreases the tension due to his attitude, actions, speeches and his symbolic role to the family, and audience at the time when the play was first performed. Throughout my essay I will be examining how Priestley's presentation of the Inspector generates tension throughout the play. Before the Inspector is introduced into the play, the atmosphere in the Birling's house is quite relaxed. They are celebrating Sheila and Gerald's engagement, so there is a party atmosphere and dull lighting. The stage directions describe the situation as: "At the moment they have all had a good dinner, are celebrating a special occasion, and are pleased with themselves." The Inspector's arrival disrupts the family's celebration; this automatically raises the tension, because the family would be annoyed by the abrupt interruption of their celebration. When the Inspector first rings the doorbell, Birling is just finishing one of his arrogant speeches. He has just said: "a man has to mind his own business and look after himself and his own." This is significant in relationship to the play because Birling's original views are exactly what Priestley, through the Inspector, is trying to teach the audience not to think like. Birling is the kind of person who Priestley is trying to get through to. The atmosphere is also made uneasy because no one knows definitely why the Inspector has called bu... ...r classes and the way that the Inspector brought these ideas crashing down. In the 1954 film version of the play the man who plays the Inspector is a pale faced man with dark dramatic eyes. This makes the Inspector look ghostly enforcing some peoples theories of him being a ghost. Because the Inspector's true identity is not revealed the tension in the play is increased. This is because the audience don't know anything about the Inspector, so do not trust the inspector and there-fore would be put on edge by him. Priestley has presented the Inspector in a very mysterious way, we do not know where he comes from or anything about him, but it is soon made clear why he is in the play; to teach an important lesson. The audience is left thinking about the play and all the issues raised in it. This play definitely left me thinking about my role among society.

Harm the Environment of Air Pollution

HARM THE ENVIRONMENT OF AIR POLLUTION 1. Harm to human health and animal life on earth:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Air pollution on the human body and animals primarily via the respiratory tract as well as direct effects on the eyes and skin of the body. They cause diseases such as suffocation, acute pulmonary edema, a number of irritating contaminants for coughs, asthma, tuberculosis, lung cancer, causing bitter tears, cause allergies, itching on  skin, urticaria, stone dust and asbestos dust causes lung †¦ Are some of the most dangerous air pollutants cause cancer. The impact of pollutants on respiratory strong or weak, in part dependent on their solubility in water. If contaminants are soluble in water when the air we breathe, we will dissolve the liquid in the airways and impact on the agency. Nature into the lungs of a variety of pollutants has been linked to the presence of the aerosol in the air. Normally these contaminants do not penetrate deep into the trachea and bronchi, but thanks to the aerosol absorption which can penetrate deeper in the lungs and until the alveoli. Environmental pollution of air increased the proportion of people suffering from respiratory disease (pharyngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis), lower respiratory disease (pneumonia, asthma, tuberculosis), neurodegenerative diseases, diseasesheadaches, heart disease, skin diseases, eye diseases and allergies. In environments where the air is more polluted as the proportion of infected adults. In general, animal husbandry and wildlife are sensitive to air pollution is greater than man. In some major industrial countries, some animals have perished because of environmental pollution. . Harm to the plant: Most of these pollutants in ambient air have adverse effects to plants, causing adverse effects for agriculture and horticulture. Expression is making slow crop development, especially photochemical smog has caused great harm to the vegetables: lettuce, peas, rice, corn, fruit trees and other rooms  lan. The components of environmental pollution in the air as sulfuro SO2, HF hydrogen fluorid e, sodium chloride, NaCl, the vapor or dust from the manufacture of copper, lead, zinc, dying †¦ Especially the gas coming from the lime kiln  , hand-baked bricks, even if their concentration is low also slows the growth of plants, high concentrations of gold leaf work, as fruits are flat, cracked, was punched and higher level  the fruit and leaves were falling, necrotic. The type of rock dust clinging to tree leaves many also affect plant growth because of reduced chlorophyll contents of the process of plant photosynthesis. These plants have flower buds turned down on the ground are less affected by dust pollution than plants with flower buds to the sky. However, there are pollutants is good for plants, is to enhance plant growth, especially for algae such as phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon. 3. Damage to the material: In general, air pollution has negative effects, materials, textures and furniture and damaged equipment immediately. The air pollutants such as SO2, H2SO4, chloride, the sol air †¦ make steel rust and damage the weld metal and construction materials quickly. Therefore, reducing the life and works to speed up repairs. The stones used in construction will be damaged if the air contains more CO2 because the CO2 is high humidity will combine with moisture to form carbonic acid H2CO3, we causticity,  forming long slit trench on the rocks. The copper oxide pollutants, sulfur oxides have negative effects for textiles, paper and leather. With the advent of supersonic aircraft noise pollution has caused a very dangerous aircraft. The supersonic blast emits the sound (sound bombs) with high pressure in excess of 100 N/m2. The explosion sound is capable of building structural damage such as broken windows. 4. The effects of pollution on climate: Environmental pollution of air without adversely affecting the climate of the region but also affect global climate. Affect the global climate is reflected in the formation of the greenhouse effect of CO2 levels, global temperatures increase, raising sea levels or the ozone hole phenomenon, umbrella protects life on  Earth from ultraviolet radiation from the sun destroy †¦ Here are some of the effects of pollution on local climate. a. High temperatures: Daily minimum temperature in urban areas than rural high around 2 – 5oC and mean annual temperature is generally higher than 0. 5 to 1. 3 oC. It is caused by fuel combustion and the production process by the method of processing large amounts of heat radiating heat already in the atmosphere, and surface area of uildings, roads, yards occupy much, they draw picturessolar surface has more trees in the countryside. On the other hand, vacuum thermal evaporation in the city less than in rural areas. In contrast, the relative humidity of the air in cities than in rural low 2-8%. b. Reduced solar radiation and increase the cloud:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The smoke dust, smog pollution of urban air absorption effect from 10 to 20% of solar radiation and reducing visibility, ie reducing the transparency of the atmosphere. The dust, the aerosol produced by the operation, traffic and human activity released into the air can create condensation nuclei of water vapor in the atmosphere. Water vapor deposition in urban areas is often greater in rural areas from 50 to 10%. Based on the scientific and technical achievements today humans can actively control a variation in climate as methods of reducing artificial fog at the airport, making artificial rain, meltHurricane †¦